Graphics of Exodus
Exodus's Time
Joseph dies | Slavery in Egypt | Moses born | Exodus from Egypt | Ten Commandments given | Israel enters Canaan | Judges begin to rule | 1805 B.C (1640 B.C) | | 1526 (1350) | 1446 (1280) | 1445 (1279) | 1406 (1240) | 1375 (1220) |
Vital Statistics
Purpose: | To record the events of Israel's deliverance from Egypt and development as a nation. | Author: | Moses | Original audience: | The people of Israel | Date written: | 1450-1410 B.C., approximately the same as Genesis | Where written: | In the wilderness during Israel's wanderings, somewhere in the Sinai peninsula. | Setting: | Egypt. God's people, once highly favored in the land, are now slaves. God is about to set then free. | Key verses: | "Then the Lord told him: 'I have certainly seen the oppression of my people in Egypt. I have heard their cries of distress because of their harsh slave drivers. Yes, I am aware of their suffering... Now go, for I am sending you to Pharaoh. You must lead my people Israel out of Egypt" (3:7, 10) | Key people: | Moses, Miriam, Pharaoh, Pharaoh's daughter, Jethro, Aaron, Joshua, Bezalel. | Key places: | Egypt, Goshen, Nile River, Midian, Red Sea, Sinai peninsula, mount Sinai. | Special features: | Exodus relates more miracles than any other Old Testament book and is noted for conteining the Ten Commandments. |
Three key contrasts
Other Covenants |
Law Covenant |
1. God only Maker |
1. Each generation/individuals enter it with Him |
2. Future in view |
2. Present experience in view |
3. Unconditional promise |
3. Conditional, with promises and warnings |
Law’s Functions
1. To reveal God’s character
2. To reveal individuals to themselves in contrast to the pure standards of God
3. To guide the believer’s faith-response to God by specifying His expectations
4. To provide a basis on which God can discipline His people
Richards, L., & Richards, L. O. (1987). The teacher's commentary. Includes index. (101). Wheaton, Ill.: Victor Books.
The Tabernacle
FURNISHING |
⇓ISM |
N.T. REALITY |
Brazen Altar |
Entrance demands sacrifice |
Christ died to win us access |
Brazen Laver |
Those within need cleansing |
|
Bread of the Presence |
All needed to strengthen and supply provided daily |
|
Golden Lampstand |
Light by which to see provided |
|
Golden Altar of Incense |
Praise and prayer |
|
Ark of the Covenant |
Presence of God |
|
Veil |
Way into God’s presence not open |
|
Richards, L., & Richards, L. O. (1987). The teacher's commentary. Includes index. (106). Wheaton, Ill.: Victor Books.
Egyptian Pharaohs |
Ahmosis I |
1570–46 b.c. |
Amenhotep IV |
1379–62 b.c. |
Amenhotep I |
1546–26 b.c. |
Smenkhkare |
1364–61 b.c. |
Thutmose I |
1526–12 b.c. |
Tutankhamon |
1361–52 b.c. |
Thutmose II |
1512–04 b.c. |
Ay |
1352–48 b.c. |
Thutmose III |
1504–1450 b.c. |
Horemheb |
1348–20 b.c. |
Hatshepsut |
1504–1483 b.c. |
Rameses I |
1320–18 b.c. |
Amenhotep II |
1450–25 b.c. |
Seti I |
1318–04 b.c. |
Thutmose IV |
1425–17 b.c. |
Rameses II |
1304–1236 b.c. |
Amenhotep III |
1417–1379 b.c. |
Merneptah |
1236–1223 b.c. |
New Geneva study Bible. 1997, c1995 (electronic ed.) (Ex 1.8). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
Gods of Egypt |
Name |
Responsibility |
Form or Sacred Animal |
Aker |
Earth-god • Helper of the dead |
Two lion heads |
Arnon |
Wind-god • God of Thebes • Helper of the pious |
Human (ram and goose sacred) |
Anubs |
Glorifier of the dead |
Jackal-headed, black-skinned |
Apis |
Ensures fertility |
Bull |
Aton |
Sun-god |
|
Atum |
Primordial creature-god |
Serpent-human |
Bes |
Protection at birh • Dispenser of virility |
Group of demons |
Edijo |
Goddess of Delta/Lower Egypt |
Uraeus serpent |
Geb |
Earth-god • Consort of Nut • Begetter of Osiris |
Human |
Khepri |
Primordial god • Rising sun |
Scarabaeus |
Khnum |
Giver of the NIle • Creator of mankind |
Human with ram’s head |
Khons |
Moon-god |
Human |
Maat |
Justice • Daughter of Ra |
Human |
Meskhenet |
Goddess protector of newborns and of destiny |
|
Min |
God of virility and reproduction |
|
Mut |
“Eye of the sun,”consort of Arnon |
Vulture or human |
Nekhbet |
Goddess of Upper Egypt |
|
Nut |
Sky-goddess • Consort of Geb Mother of Osiris and Seth • Mother of heavenly bodies |
|
Osiris |
Dead pharoahs • Ruler of dead, life, vegetation |
|
Ptah |
Creator-god • Lord of artisans |
|
Ra |
God of sun, earth and sky • Fahter of Maat • National god |
Human with falcon head |
Sekhmet |
Goddess of war and sickness |
Human with lion head |
Selket |
Guardian of life • Protector of dead |
Scorpion |
Seshat |
Goddess of writing and books |
|
Seth |
God of chaos, desert and srom, crops • Brother of Osiris |
|
Shu |
God of air, bearer of heaven |
|
Sobek |
creator-god |
Crocodile |
Sothis |
God of Nile floodwaters |
|
Thermuthis |
Goddess of fertility and harvest; fate |
|
Thoth |
God of wisdom, moon, chronology •Messenger of gods |
Ibis of baboon |
Thoueris |
Goddess of fertility and women in labor |
Hippopotamus |
New Geneva study Bible. 1997, c1995 (electronic ed.) (Ex 6.28). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
The Plague |
The Effect |
1. Blood (7:20) |
Pharaoh hardened (7:22) |
2. Frogs (8:6) |
Pharaoh begs relief, promises freedom (8:8), but is hardened (8:15) |
3. Lice (8:17) |
Pharaoh hardened (8:19) |
4. Flies (8:24) |
Pharaoh bargains (8:28), but is hardened (8:32) |
5. Livestock diseased (9:6) |
Pharaoh hardened (9:12) |
6. Boils (9:10) |
Pharaoh hardened (9:12) |
7. Hail (9:23) |
Pharaoh begs relief (9:27), promises freedom (9:28), but is hardened (9:35) |
8. Locusts (10:13) |
Pharaoh bargains (10:11), begs relief (10:17), but is hardened (10:20) |
9. Darkness (10:22) |
Pharaoh bargains (10:24), but is hardened (10:27) |
10. Death of firstborn (12:29) |
Pharaoh and Egyptians beg Israel to leave Egypt (12:31–33) |
God multiplied His signs and wonders in the land of Egypt that the Egyptians might know that he is the Lord. |
New Geneva study Bible. 1997, c1995 (electronic ed.) (Ex 7.8). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
The Feasts of the Lord |
Name |
Scripture References |
Time |
Purpose |
Prophetic Significance |
1. Passover ( Pesah, Heb.) |
Ex. 12:1–28, 43–49; Lev. 23:5; Num. 28:16; Deut. 16:1–8 |
The evening of the fourteenth day of Nisan (Abib), the first month of the year (March/April). |
(1) To commemorate Israel’s deliverance from Egyptian bondage.
(2) To remind the children of Israel that God “passed over their houses, i.e., spared the firstborn of the Israelites (Ex. 12:27) |
(1) Christ is our Passover (cf. John 1:29; 19:36; 1 Cor. 5:7; 1 Pet. 1:18).
(2) The Passover is the foundation for the Lord’s Supper (cf. Matt. 26:17–30; Mark 14:12–25; Luke 22:1–20).
(3) The Passover foreshadows the marriage supper of the Lamb (cf. Matt. 26:29; Mark 14:25; Luke 22:16–18). |
2. Feast of Unleavened Bread (matsot, Heb.). |
Ex. 12:15-20; 13:3–10; Lev. 23:6–8; Num. 28:17–25; Deut. 16:3–8 |
It began on the fifteenth day of Nisan (Abib) and continued for one week (March/April). |
To commemorate the hardships of Israel’s hurried flight from Egypt (Ex 12:39). The absence of leaven symbolizes complete consecration and devotion to God. |
(1) Unleavened bread is a type of Christ (cf. John 6:30–59; 1 Cor. 11:24).
(2) Unleavened bread is a type of the true church (cf. 1 Cor. 5:7, 8). |
3. Day of Firstfruits (Bikkurim, Heb.). |
Lev. 23:9–14 |
On the day after the Sabbath of Passover (March/April). |
To dedicate and consecrate the firstfruits of the barley harvest. |
(1) Firstfruits is a type of the bodily resurrection of Christ (cf. 1 Cor. 15:20–23).
(2) Firstfruits is a guarantee of the bodily resurrection of all believers (cf. 1 Cor. 15:20–23; 1Thess. 4:13–18).
(3) Firstfruits is a type of the consecration of the church. |
4. Feast of Pentecost (or Weeks; shabuot, Heb.). |
Lev. 23:15–22; Num. 28:26; Deut. 16:9–12 |
The day after the seventh Sabbath After the Day of Firstfruits (May/June). |
To dedicate and consecrate firstfruits of the wheat harvest. |
The outpouring of the Holy Spirit upon the church occurred on the Day of Pentecost (Acts 2). The two loaves, representative of the Jew and Gentile, contained leaven because sin is found within the church. |
5. Day of Trumpets (rosh hashanah, Heb.). |
Lev. 23:23–25; Num. 10:10; 29:1–6 |
The first day of the seventh month (Tishri), the sabbatical month (September/October). |
To usher in and consecrate the seventh month as the sabbatical month. |
In the N.T. the blowing of the trumpet is associated with the return of our Lord (cf. Matt. 24:31; 1 Cor. 15:52; 1 Thess. 4:16). |
6. Day of Atonement (yom kippur, Heb.). |
Lev. 16; 23:26–32; Num. 29:7–11 |
The tenth day of the seventh month (Tishri-Septmeber/October). |
To make annual atonement for the sins of the priests and the people, and for the tabernacle (temple). |
The Day of Atonement finds its ultimate fulfillment in the crucifixion of Christ (cf. Heb 9). It represents the redeeming work of Christ more adequately than any other O.T. type. |
6. Feast of Tabernacles (Booths or Ingathering; sukkot, Heb.). |
Lev. 23:33–43; Num. 29:12–38; Deut. 16:13–17 |
The fifteenth through twenty-first of the seventh month (Tishri), with an eighth day added as a climax to all the feasts (September/October). |
(1) To commemorate God’s deliverance and protection during the wilderness wanderings (23:43).
(2) To rejoice in the completion of all the harvest (23:29). |
The Feast of Tabernacles foreshadows the peace and prosperity of the millennial reign of Christ (Zech. 14:16). |
New Geneva study Bible. 1997, c1995 (electronic ed.) (Ex 22.22). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
Chronology of Israel in the Pentateuch |
Date |
Event |
Reference |
Fifteenth day, first month, first year |
Exodus |
Exodus 12 |
Fifteenth day, second month, first year |
Arrival in Wilderness of Sin |
Exodus 16:1 |
Third month, first year |
Arrival in Wilderness of Sinai |
Exodus 19:1 |
First day, first month, second year |
Erection of Tabernacle |
Exodus 40:1, 17 |
|
Dedication of Altar |
Numbers 7:1 |
|
Consecration of Levites |
Numbers 8:1–26 |
Fourteenth day, first month, second year |
Passover |
Numbers 9:5 |
First day, second month, second year |
Census |
Numbers 1:1, 18 |
Fourteenth day, sexond month, second year |
Supplemental Passover |
Numbers 9:11 |
Twentieth day, second month, second year |
Departure from Sinai |
Numbers 10:11 |
First month, fortieth year |
In Wilderness of Zin |
Numbers 20:1, 22–29; 33:38 |
First day, fifth month, fortieth year |
Death of Aaron |
Numbers 20:22–29; 33:38 |
First day, eleventh month, fortieth year |
Moses’ Address |
Deuteronomy 1:3 |
New Geneva study Bible. 1997, c1995 (electronic ed.) (Ex 40.17). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
Biblical Models of Deliverance |
Model |
Impact |
Comments |
The Exodus model |
Geographical deliverance |
Seen in deliverance of the Jews from Egyptian bondage. It’s rallying cry was, “Let My people go!” (Ex. 5:1; 7:16; 8:1; 9:1). |
The Jubilee model |
Land redistribution |
Rooted in Israel’s civil code (Lev. 25) and perhaps alluded to by Jesus (Luke 4:18–19). It allowed for periodic redress of inequalities to avoid large gaps between haves and have-nots, by restoring property to its original owner. |
The Naboth model |
Land reclamation |
Based on the Old Testament scandal in which land was unjustly taken from a powerless Naboth by powerful King Ahab (1 Kin. 21). The prophet Elijah condemned Ahab for murdering Naboth to get his land. |
The Esther model |
Social and Political deliverance |
Seen through Queen Esther working within the structures of a pagan society to save an oppressed minority from genocide. |
The Jonah model |
Deliverance through preaching and repentance |
Based on Jonah’s appeal to the Ninevites for repentance. His effective preaching resulted in an evil nation turning to God, at least temporarily, with perhaps some positive impact on its infamous foreign policy. |
The Cyrus model |
Deliverance by pagan political leaders |
The result of a sovereign God appointing Cyrus of Persia to accomplish His purposes (Is. 45:13). |
The Kingdom model |
Deliverance by, of, and from those in authority |
A New Testament view of governing authorities that stretches from Paul’s optimism about the Roman Empire (Rom. 13:1–6) to John’s pessimism about the same empire, 40 years later (Rev. 13). God’s people await His ultimate triumph over evil and Christ’s reign “on earth as it is in heaven” (Matt. 6:10). |
Word in life study Bible . 1997, c1996 (electronic ed.) (Gn 1.1). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
Plague
Plague |
Result |
1. The water of the Nile River is turned to blood (Ex. 7:14–25). |
Pharaoh is hardened (7:22). |
2. Frogs overrun the countryside (8:1–15). |
Pharaoh begs relief and promises freedom (8:8), but is hardened (8:15). |
3. People and animals are infested with lice (or insects, 8:16–19). |
Pharaoh is hardened (8:19). |
4. Swarms of flies cover the land (8:20–32). |
Pharaoh bargains (8:28), but is hardened (8:32). |
5. Disease kills the livestock (9:1–7). |
Pharaoh is hardened (9:7). |
6. Boils and sores infect the Egyptians and their animals (9:8–12). |
Pharaoh is hardened (9:12). |
7. Hail destroys crops and vegetation (9:13–35). |
Pharaoh begs relief (9:27) and promises freedom (9:28), but is hardened (9:35). |
8. Swarms of locusts cover the land (10:1–20). |
Pharaoh bargains (10:11) and begs relief (10:17), but is hardened (10:20). |
9. Thick darkness covers Egypt for three days (10:21–29). |
Pharaoh bargains (10:24), but is hardened (10:27). |
10. The Egyptian firstborn, both people and animals, are destroyed by God’s death angel (11:1–12:30). |
Pharaoh and the Egyptians beg Israel to leave (12:31–33). |
Word in life study Bible . 1997, c1996 (electronic ed.) (Ex 11.4). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
Wilderness Areas in Scripture |
Wilderness |
Significance |
1. Beersheba (Gen. 21:14) |
The area to which Hagar fled after being cast out by Sarah. |
2. Beth Aven (Josh. 18:12) |
The hill country of Benjamin east of Bethel. |
3. Damascus (1 Kin. 19:15) |
The desert area near the city of Damascus, well known in the ancient world for the trade routes that traversed it. |
4. Edom (2 Kin. 3:8) |
The land occupied by Esau’s descendants between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. |
5. En Gedi (1 Sam. 24:1) |
A desert area west of the Dead Sea, named for a fresh-water spring; David fled there to escape Saul. |
6. Gibeon (2 Sam. 2:24) |
The region surrounding the city of Gibeon, six miles northwest of Jerusalem; site of a great pool (Jer. 41:12) dug into solid rock that was both the city’s water supply and the center of a wine-making industry. |
7. Jeruel (2 Chr. 20:16) |
The area between En Gedi and Tekoa; site of the victory of King Jehoshaphat over the Moabites and Ammonites. |
8. Judah (Judg. 1:16) |
The area south of Jerusalem on the western side of the Dead Sea. |
9. Kadesh (Ps. 29:8) |
The site of Israel’s refusal to go up and possess the Promised Land, in opposition to God’s express command. |
10. Kedemoth (Deut. 2:26) |
The desert area near the Levitical city of the same name (Josh. 21:37). |
11. Maon (1 Sam. 23:24) |
An area west of the Dead Sea in which David hid from Saul, also the home of Nabal (1 Sam. 25:2–3). |
12. Moab (Deut. 2:8) |
The remote area west of the Dead Sea and home to the Moabites. |
13. Paran (Gen. 21:21) |
The section of the Sinai Peninsula where Ishmael settled. |
14. Red Sea (Ex. 13:18) |
The Bitter Lakes region just north of Suez; probable site of Israel’s crossing of the Red Sea. |
15. Shur (Ex. 15:22) |
The northwest portion of the Sinai Peninsula where Israel began their wilderness journey after crossing the Red Sea. |
16. Sin (Ex. 16:1) |
A district in the southwest part of the Sinai Peninsula where the Lord miraculously provided quail. |
17. Sinai (Ex. 19:1) |
The portion of the Sinai Peninsula surrounding Mount Sinai, where the Law was given to Moses. |
18. Tekoa (2 Chr. 20:20) |
The area just to the southeast of the city of Tekoa, west of the Dead Sea; David’s general Joab sent to Tekoa for a “wise woman” to reconcile the king with his son Absalom. |
19. Zin (Num. 13:21) |
The portion of land at the southern end of Canaan; base of operations for Israel when it sent spies into Canaan. |
20. Ziph (1 Sam. 23:14) |
The area around the city of Ziph in the hill country of Judah; a place where David fled from Saul. |
Word in life study Bible . 1997, c1996 (electronic ed.) (Ex 16.1). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
The Blueprint
ISRAEL IN EGYPT (1:1-12:30)
Slavery in Egypt (1:1-12:30) God chooses Moses God sends Moses to Pharaoh Plagues strike Egypt The Passover
| When the Israelites were enslaved in Egypt, God heard their cries and rescued them. We can be confident that God still hears the cries of this people. Just as he delivered the Israelites from their captors, he delivers us from sin, death, and evil. | ISRAEL IN THE WILDERNESS (12:31-18:27)
The Exodus Crossing the sea Complaining in the wilderness
| After crossing the Red Sea, the Israelites became quarrelsome and discontent. Like the Israelites, we find it easy to complain and be dissatisfied. Christians still have struggles, but we should never allow difficulties and unpleasant circumstances to turn us away from trusting God. | ISRAEL AT SINAI (19:1-40:38)
Giving the Law Tabernacle instructions Breaking the law Tabernacle construction
| God revealed his law to the Israelites at Sinai. Through the law, they learned more about what God is like and how he expected his people to live. The law is still instructional for us, for it exposes our sin and shows us God’s standard for living. |
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